Wolbach Farm Interpretive Trail, Post 6

White Oak Stand

As fall and winter arrive, plants inevitably lose their foliage and reveal just branches and bark. For the nature enthusiast, identifying trees and other plants becomes increasingly difficult as variations in flower, fruit, and leaves can no longer be observed. Yet, there are some tricks to make winter plant identification easier.

The first step is to use a twig key. Plant-identification keys break down identification by asking you broad questions that eliminate other options all the way down to the species level. By using a twig key (search the web to find one), you will notice highly individual features that will also help you to identify trees during the spring and summer. Other features to look for when identifying trees in the winter are crown shape, bark, persisting fruit, seeds or seed pods, and site condition.

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Bark can also provide unique information about tree species. The bark is formed when the inner wood of the tree grows faster, pushing outward against the outer layer and cracking it. The different patterns and shapes seen in the bark are a result of how the individual species respond to this expanding pressure.

Saplings and younger trees have smooth bark because the tree has not grown enough to expand and crack the outer layer.

Some trees are exceptions like American beech (Fagus grandifolia), whose bark stays smooth its entire life due to its ability to grow with the tree. 

Photo: American beech (Fagus grandifolia) bark.

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Photo: American beech (Fagus grandifolia) leaves.

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